The European Union is facing "existential problems" over migration and the single currency for which it does not yet have the answers, former Bank of England governor Mervvn King has warned.
However, he said Brexit negotiations offer Britain a chance to create a new relationship with the Republic of Ireland to deal with Northern Ireland.
Speaking to BBC Radio 4's Today programme, Lord King said the scale of the crises was such that Brexit amounted to little more than a "minor irritant" by comparison.
And he suggested that the factor which could bring the problems to a head was German voters asking whether they want to remain part of a project which involves them propping up less competitive euro zone economies like Italy, Portugal and France.
Lord King said that the single currency project was flawed from the start, and that it would probably have been better to create two monetary unions for “premier league” and “second division” economies. But he said it was too late to move to this model now, the former governor said: “I think the EU is facing two existential problems and it has answers to neither of them.
"The first is the fate of the monetary union, which even the European Central Bank is saying is in a critical position and needs major reform.
“Secondly, migration from outside the EU into the EU and the knock-on consequences of that for the free movement of people.
“I don’t think they have answers for either of those issues and it is a real crisis for the EU.
“British membership is irrelevant to these two questions and from that perspective I think they regard our decision to leave the EU as a minor irritant.”
Lord King said it was impossible to put any timescale on when the problems of the euro zone might come to a head.
But he said: “They simply haven’t put in place the framework to make it a success, desperately trying to struggle from one month to the next.
"For a long period they were relying on the confidence that financial markets had in the words of (ECB) president Mario Draghi that they would do 'whatever it takes'. But I think words in the end run out and you need to back them up by actions.
"The problem now is that people in Germany and other countries in the northern part of the EU are deeply reluctant - understandably - to pay for countries in the south. That wasn't the prospectus they were offered when they joined monetary union.
“In the long run, it would make some sense to recognise that it was a mistake to go to monetary union as early as 1999. I think they might have been able to divide it into two divisions - a premier league and a second division - but I think it may be too late to do that.
“If you look at economies like Italy, Portugal and even France, they are really struggling.
“Germany has such a large trade surplus because of its greater competitiveness, but it can’t invest that anywhere in the world where it can be guaranteed to get its money back.
“As soon as German taxpayers see that their money is literally being thrown away, they will start to ask serious questions about whether they want to remain part of it.”
Asked whether Brexit would be good for the UK economy, Lord King told Today: “We do not actually know what is going to happen over the next year, and I think it would be premature for anyone to make any judgment.”
Spelling out the areas where Britain could exercise new freedoms outside the EU, he added: “We could totally redesign our subsidies to agriculture and we have a chance to create a new relationship with the Republic of Ireland to deal with Northern Ireland.”
On immigration, he said: “It seems to me inevitable that the British government needs to set out - and sooner rather than later - our own immigration policy.
"Most countries in the world have an immigration policy, but we can't have one effectively as a result of our membership of the EU.
“I think the result of the referendum made it pretty clear that people wanted our ability to control immigration. That doesn’t mean to say ‘No immigration’ - far from it. It does mean to say that the UK controls its own immigration.
“That is not negotiable and it can’t be negotiable. It would be a big mistake to put it into the basket of things that we would negotiate about with our former partners in the EU.”
PA