They raped women, burned homes and killed dozens of people, including children, chopping up their bodies with machetes and throwing their remains to pigs.
The gruesome massacre three years ago, considered the worst in Haiti in decades, was more than the work of rival gangs fighting over territory. It was organised by senior Haitian officials, who provided weapons and vehicles to gang members to punish people in a poor area protesting against government corruption, the US treasury department announced last year.
Since then, Haiti’s gang members have grown so strong that they rule swathes of the country. The most notorious of them, a former police officer named Jimmy Cherizier, known as Barbecue, fashions himself as a political leader, holding news conferences, leading marches and, this week, even parading around as a replacement for the prime minister in the violent capital.
[...] In some places, gangs operate like de facto governments, with their own courts, 'police stations' and residential fees
After gangs shot at a government convoy and shut down the official commemoration of the death of the country’s founding president last Sunday, Cherizier presided over the ceremony himself, dressed in a white three-piece suit, surrounded by cameras and masked guards with assault rifles as he laid wreaths at the site.
“The gangs have more authority than our leaders,” said Marie Yolène Gilles, the head of a local human rights group, the Clear Eyes Foundation. “If they say, ‘Stay home,’ you stay home. If they say, ‘Go out,’ you can go out. It’s terror.”
The brazen kidnapping of 17 people with an American missionary group last weekend, believed to have been carried out by a rival gang called 400 Mawozo, underscored the growing power of Haiti’s gangs. The kidnappers have demanded $17 million (€14.6 million) to release the hostages, and the leader of 400 Mawozo has threatened to kill them unless the ransom is paid, according to two people present when the threat was made and captured in a video recording.
“I will unload a big weapon to each of their heads,” the gang leader, Wilson Joseph, said in the video.
By some estimates, gangs now control more than half of Haiti and in some places, they operate like de facto governments, with their own courts, “police stations” and residential fees for everything from electricity to school permits.
They have long held sway in many poor neighbourhoods, but they began to gain more dominance after Jovenel Moïse was sworn in as president in 2017, experts say, fuelled by the erosion of democratic institutions under his watch and his government’s deployment of gangs as tools of oppression.
And while the American government and United Nations have long been aware of the growing connection between the gangs, the government and the Haitian police, they made few moves to combat the problem, partly for fear of upending what little stability Haiti had, current and former officials say.
That semblance of stability collapsed in July, when Moïse was assassinated in his bedroom in a killing that remains unsolved and has further exposed the country’s institutional weakness.
“His administration weakened the police and justice system,” Pierre Espérance, the executive director of the Haitian National Human Rights Defense Network, said of Moïse’s government. “There were no controls on the port, the border, the airport – weapons and ammunition arrive easily in Haiti. And then, they used the gangs to massacre the people in the slums.”
The attacks, he said, were attempts to secure political control in the run-up to elections in the capital region, which represents 40 per cent of the country’s electorate – much of it in crowded slums.
Espérance’s organisation has documented more than a dozen armed attacks by gangs since 2018, leading to the death or disappearance of more than 600 people. In many cases, those reports cite a police role in the killings, including the involvement of active officers and the use of equipment like armoured cars or tear gas.
In at least two cases, the organisation highlighted the involvement of members of Moïse’s government. None have resulted in arrests or robust investigations by the police, according to Rosy Auguste Ducéna, the network’s programme director. Nor have any police officers been penalised over allegations of their involvement.
“That’s why we say the violence that is established in Haiti today is a violence of the state,” she said.
A senior official in the government of prime minister Ariel Henry, who was tapped by Moïse and took over the nation in July, said Henry had no link to the abuses the previous administration is accused of facilitating. To the contrary, the official, who was not authorised to speak publicly, said Henry, a doctor, was brought in to clean up the mess in Haiti, and has pledged to bring justice for past massacres and make every effort to eliminate the gangs.
At the centre of the allegations is Cherizier and the alliance of nine gangs he leads, known as the G9 in Family and Allies coalition. But the “intellectual architect” of the massacre in 2018 was Joseph Pierre Richard Duplan, an elected member of the president’s party who provided weapons to gang members, the treasury department said last December.
Witnesses described seeing Duplan admonishing gang members during the attack, a United Nations report stated, saying, “You killed too many people. That wasn’t your assignment.” The head of the government’s interior ministry, Fednel Monchéry, was also intimately involved, the treasury department said.
Both officials lost their positions almost a year later, but neither has faced charges. The police stopped Monchéry in February over an issue with his licence plate, the Haitian newspaper Le Nouvelliste reported, but released him soon after.
“When the police tell us that they’re actively investigating, we can say that’s obviously false,” Ducéna said.
Last year, the treasury department imposed sanctions on the officials under the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, calling them “perpetrators of serious human rights abuse”.
US support
But the American action came after years of continued public support for Moïse, despite heated warnings from American lawmakers about his increasingly autocratic rule. Both the American government and the United Nations, whose support are considered essential ballast for any Haitian president, have been accused of turning a blind eye to repeated reports of gang infiltration in his government.
One of the first mass killings of civilians under Moïse’s presidency began as an anti-gang raid in the poor neighbourhood of Grand Ravine. In November 2017, Haitian police officers – including Cherizier, who was still on the force at the time – raided a school campus, looking for a cache of weapons, according to an internal inquiry conducted by the Haitian government.
By the end of the operation, eight civilians had been killed, including a teacher, a security guard and a prospective student “executed in cold blood”, the inquiry found.
Police officers with the United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti, who were working with the Haitian police and helped plan the operation, had been standing guard outside.
A few months later, Susan D Page, then the head of the UN mission in Haiti, released a blistering statement calling for the Haitian authorities to investigate “allegations of human rights violations by units of the Haitian National Police,” including the botched operation.
In protest, the Moïse government recalled its ambassador to the United Nations. Already facing withering criticism in Haiti for setting off a devastating cholera outbreak in the country in 2010, the United Nations quickly removed Page from her post.
“I was running a justice support mission,” Page said in an interview. “Am I not supposed to call for justice?”
‘High-risk search’
Farhan Aziz Haq, a UN spokesman, said in a statement that the justice support mission had not authorised the “high-risk search” conducted by the Haitian police. An internal inquiry found that no UN officers had “proceeded to the location where the alleged killings took place” or fired their weapons.
The United Nations withdrew its large peacekeeping force in 2017, with a damaged legacy that included peacekeepers introducing cholera to the country and sexually abusing and impregnating girls as young as 11. The departure left a much smaller force to support the police, which also pulled out in 2019. In its absence, a security vacuum grew, particularly in poor parts of the capital.
After several massacres involving gang members and Haitian police officers, including Cherizier, more than a hundred members of the US Congress wrote to the Trump administration in 2019 to demand an investigation into extrajudicial killings by the authorities. Nothing happened, said Andy Levin of Michigan, a co-chairman of the House Haiti Caucus.
“I really hoped that there would be a change in direction when President Biden took office,” Levin said. “I’m still waiting.”
Haitians in the capital live in continual fear. Kidnappings have exploded, long surpassing last year’s high, which itself had increased significantly from the year before, according to the United Nations.
"Today, we are talking about it because American missionaries were kidnapped," Ducéna said. "In our reality, it's our daily life. Every day, we leave our homes without knowing if we'll be coming back." – This article originally appeared in The New York Times
