Explainer: What the UK election and the extension mean for Brexit

So Brexit won’t happen on October 31st after all?

It won't. Despite all Boris Johnson's "do or die" talk, the UK government applied for an extension and it was granted. The process was completed on Tuesday, the EU confirmed. So the new deadline is January 31st, 2020. For Ireland, the key immediate point is that the threat of a no-deal crash-out at the end of October has been avoided. This would have had huge economic costs for Ireland and would have forced the Government to put some checks at or near the Border.

And a no-deal Brexit is off the table?

Not completely. If the UK does not pass the withdrawal agreement by the end of January, then the threat would reappear. So a lot will depend on the forthcoming UK election, which will now happen on December 12th. If Boris Johnson returns with a majority he could get the deal quickly passed. A hung parliament, split between different views of what should happen on Brexit, would raise questions.

The Irish Government will hope to get clarity soon after a UK election that the deal will pass, finally getting no-deal off the table and locking in the terms of the withdrawal agreement . Sources here say that the language from the Conservatives – now concentrating on getting the deal through – is already different from the previous no-deal threats.

That said, if the agreement isn’t through the Commons by the end of January, the EU’s reaction is uncertain and would depend on the circumstances. It also remains to be seen if the next prime minister will seek any changes from the EU before the deal is voted on again by parliament. The EU side’s position is that the agreement is now closed, though it did say that before, too.

MPs back plan to hold UK general election on December 12th

---

Relationship with UK post-Brexit must be repaired, says Institute of Directors

---

NI firms concerned about Brexit deal disclosures on GB exports

---

(Another) big day in Brexit as Johnson brings withdrawal Bill to parliament

---

Could Brexit happen earlier than January 31st?

Yes. If Johnson wins the election and gets the withdrawal agreement voted through parliament quickly, then under the agreement reached with the EU, the UK could leave on January 1st, 2020. This looks unlikely, given the tight timing, though perhaps not impossible , The other option under the EU offer was to leave on December 1st, but that won’t happen now. Johnson has agreed with that Commons will not vote on it again before the election.

If the UK leaves with a deal, then it is largely immaterial to Ireland whether this happens on January 1st or January 31st, – or later – as the UK would enter a transition period during which not much would change in practical terms. This would last until the end of 2020, at least.

That doesn’t sound like very long?

It isn’t. The Conservatives have argued that a new trade deal could be completed by the end of 2020 with the EU. Trade experts says this is impossible – and generally such deals take years to negotiate. The transition period can be extended, by one year or two, to give more time An issue in the election campaign will be how this should be dealt with by the UK, to avoid another deadline and more drama at the end of 2020.

For Ireland this is important. Were the UK to leave at the end of the transition period without a trade deal, then World Trade Organisation tariffs would be likely to come into play, seriously affecting trade between Britain and Ireland and threatening jobs in the food sector in particular and other sectors reliant on the UK market and pushing up the prices of UK imports here. This impact would be similar for British- Irish trade as a "no-deal" Brexit – leaving without a withdrawal agreement.

But with the current withdrawal agreement in place the issues relating to the Border would not come into play in this version of a hard Brexit. Under the new agreement, the necessary checks would take place at ports as goods cross from Britain to the North. A lot has still to be worked out about how this would operate and doing this by the end of next year looks very difficult, too.

Could the withdrawal agreement be re-opened ( again) after the election?

The EU says no. Firmly. The Irish Government will agree, just wanting to get it done. But who knows? Whether the new UK prime minister would want to do so will depend. Johson may just run with the negotiated deal,knowing it still gives him options in future. Jeremy Corbyn, were he to win, would certainly want to reopen parts of the deal and aim for a closer future relationship.Labour would then probably put the outcome to a referendum. But whatever way the politics of this play out, a huge issue for Ireland will be the future shape of Brexit, to be fought over in the election.

The indications are that Johnson will campaign for a harder form of Brexit, while Labour would support remaining in the customs union and a closer ongoing relationship. Worker’s rights after Brexit will be a major area of election debate. The Liberal Democrats will seek a second referendum and campaign for remain.

For Ireland, it is as it has always been – the harder the Brexit, the worse for us. And the kind of hard Brexit envisaged by Johnson does raise the risk of significant barriers to trade with the UK in the long-term and a noticeable economic cost for Ireland. A " Breixteer" parliament would make this more likely. And the more the UK diverges from the EU, the greater the problem in managing the special arrangement for Northern Ireland, both practically and politically.

A closer future trade relationship would limit the economic damage significantly – both to the UK and Ireland – and lessen the challenge of the special arrangements in the latest version of the withdrawal deal. Of course a second referendum and a “remain” outcome would be the ideal outcome for Ireland, but the Government’s recent view has been that this appears unlikely.