The vast majority of Ireland’s birds of prey killed by human attacks or other activity were poisoned, according to a detailed new report spanning more than a decade.
Just over 300 were found to have been poisoned or suffered some form of unnatural death between 2007 and 2019.
New details have been collated by the Raptor Protocol (Recording and Addressing Persecution and Threats to Our Raptors), a collaborative approach between the National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS), the Veterinary Laboratory Service and State Laboratory, published on Wednesday.
It was developed in 2011 on the back of an EU pilot set up in response to a lack of formal investigation protocols in Ireland for death and injury to birds of prey.
The work involved collecting carcasses and injured birds, carrying out X-rays, postmortems, DNA sampling, toxicology, follow-up investigations and data analysis.
Although established in 2011, the Protocol includes incidents between 2007 and 2019, when a total of 338 incidents were confirmed and recorded on its database.
These included 214 incidents involving poison, 58 involving shootings, one trapping and one mutilation. There were 57 road collision incidents, six wind turbine strikes and three unspecified “traumatic deaths”.
Some individually recorded incidents included multiple causes of physical harm, and some included a number of birds.
Of a total of 338 incidents, however, 294 involved birds of prey, affecting 301 individual birds. Poisoning incidents accounted for 71.5 per cent of cases, shootings for 28 per cent and trapping or mutilation for 0.5 per cent.
“All regularly breeding native Irish raptor species were confirmed to have suffered some form of poisoning, persecution or other direct anthropogenic non-habitat related cause of injury or mortality,” the report found.
However, despite an average of 26 separate incidents a year, investigators believe the actual number of birds affected to be far greater.
“It is clear … that human, non-habitat related threats to Irish raptors are widespread, with incidents recorded in every county of Ireland,” the report notes.
“There are notable blackspots for such incidents throughout the country, and particular risk periods, namely springtime for illegal/misuse of poison incidents and late summer/autumn and winter for shooting incidents.”
Most deaths occurred in the east of the country with Wicklow recording by far the greatest level at 57.
The species most affected were, in order of frequency, the Common Buzzard; Red Kite; Barn Owl; Peregrine Falcon; White-tailed Eagle; Hen Harrier; Sparrowhawk; Kestrel; Long-eared Owl; Golden Eagle; Merlin; and Short-eared Owl.
Aside from birds of prey, investigators found other wildlife such as crows and pigeons were illegally poisoned or persecuted, while there were five individual cases of illegally poisoned dogs.
The aim of the Raptor Protocol is to build a database of such incidents that will take into account species, modus operandi of harmful acts, and the timing and hotspots of such incidents.
“Continuing to record confirmed and possible events in a systematic fashion will build on the database and provide stronger background information to target illegal activity through enforcement and education.”
Commenting on the issue, Minister of State Malcolm Noonan noted in particular the poisoning of 23 Buzzards in West Cork in early 2020 which he said had been “an eye opener for many”.
“But this comprehensive report shows that poisoning and persecution incidents are happening annually,” he said. “The intelligence gathered by those coordinating Raptor will serve very usefully to inform approaches to tackling these incidents.”
