A striking feature of the recent referendum on the Lisbon Treaty was a massive difference in the class composition of those who voted No and Yes, according to a detailed analysis of the results of an opinion poll carried out for the European Commission in the immediate aftermath of the result.
Among manual workers 74 per cent vote No to the treaty while among self-employed people, 60 per cent voted Yes.
There was a corresponding difference between the more educated who voted Yes and the least educated who voted No.
Professor Richard Sinnott of UCD, who specialises in analysing voter behaviour, said that in a society where there has been very little evidence of class voting either in elections or referendums the class factor in the Lisbon vote was quite substantial.
He was presenting an analysis of the flash survey carried out among a sample of 2,000 people who were polled in the days after the referendum, along with an analysis of the regular twice yearly Eurobarometer poll, the last one of which was conducted in April during the referendum campaign.
The highlights of the flash survey, which have already been published, showed that a majority of women and young people voted No while a majority of men and older people voted Yes.
The main reason given for voting No was a lack of knowledge about the Lisbon Treaty with 22 per cent of No voters holding that view while the main reason given by Yes voters for their decision at 32 per cent, was that it was in Ireland's best interests.
When it came to party affiliations a majority of Fianna Fáil supporters, 60 per cent voted Yes. However the 40 per cent of Fianna Fáil supporters who voted No comprised the biggest element of the No vote as broken down by party support.
Fine Gael voters were evenly divided with 51 per cent voting Yes and 49 per cent voting No while 55 per cent of Labour supporters and 57 per cent of Green Party supporters voted No. Sinn Féin was the only party whose supporters were completely in tune with the party's position, with 95 per cent voting No.
One of the remarkable features of the poll was that 67 per cent of voters thought the No campaign was most convincing with just 15 per cent giving that accolade to the Yes campaign. Even among Yes voters a majority of two to one thought the No campaign more convincing.
More than half of the voters only made up their minds how they would vote during the final weeks of the campaign, indicating that the poor quality of the Yes campaign played a huge part in the outcome.
While lack of knowledge of the Treaty was cited as the most common reason for voting No the second reason given was to protect Irish identity followed by safeguarding Irish neutrality.
When taken in tandem with the Eurobarometer poll which showed a jump in the number of people who believe national identity is more important than European identity it appears that this was also an important factor in the result.
However, there are apparent contradictions between the two polls. The Eurobarometer poll showed a substantial majority of people still believe that membership of the EU was good for Ireland and that the country had benefited from membership.
It also showed that institutions like the European Parliament and the European Commission generated a much greater level of trust than national institutions like the Dail while a substantial majority of Irish people supported a European common foreign policy and even a defence and security policy.
Yet a comparison of the Eurobarometer polls in Ireland and Denmark carried out by Prof Sinnott found striking differences. Danish voters know far more about the EU but Irish voters had a much stronger attachment to their national identity. The attachment to national identity in Ireland is the second highest in the EU, with only Britain feeling stronger on the issue.
